Michael decided that hugging his grandmother was a good thing to do, because every time he did, she gave him a piece of candy. Michael is in Kohlberg's __________ level of moral reasoning

Which does not illustrate an expectancy effect?

(a) the Hawthorne effect (b) placebo effects (c) Rosenhan's study with pseudopatients (d) representativeness

One hundred years ago, ____ of young people obtained tertiary education in any industrialized country

a. less than 10% b. between 20% and 45% c. more than 45% d. almost 100%