__________ is the fallacy that urges listeners to reject an idea because of the allegedly poor character of the person voicing it

Using ONLY formal logic, what can you conclude from the following statements?

Statement 1: "All Argumentation classes are full." Statement 2: "John found a class that wasn't full." a. Not all Argumentation classes are full. b. John didn't find all the classes. c. John found a class that wasn't Argumentation. d. Argumentation classes are popular. For the following 2 questions, please examine the deductive logic underlying the following text (taken from The Salt Lake Tribune, September 13, 2001). Base your answers strictly on formal logic. Washington's NATO allies declared Wednesday that the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington, D.C., can be considered an attack on the whole alliance if they were directed from abroad. "An attack on one is an attack on all," NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson said after the alliance's 19 ambassadors decided to invoke Article 5 of the NATO charter for the first time in the alliance's history.

Mania love is obsessive and possessive, characterized by elation and depression

a. true b. false