The income tax levied during the Civil War (1861–65) was declared constitutional in Springer v U.S. (1881) because it was not a direct tax

Refer to Figure 18-1. Europe experiences an economic boom. Assuming all else remains constant, this would be represented as a movement from

A) C to B. B) D to A. C) D to C. D) B to A.

From 2001 to 2004 the U.S. budget went from surplus to deficit. According to the open economy macroeconomic model, this change should have

a. increased U.S. interest rates and increased the real exchange rate of the dollar. b. increased U.S. interest rates and decreased the real exchange rate of the dollar. c. decreased U.S. interest rates and increased the real exchange rate of the dollar. d. decreased U.S. interest rates and decreased the real exchange rate of the dollar.