Refer to Figure 4-9. How much of the tax is paid by producers?

Natural oligopolies occur when

a. the government establishes a market with a few large producers b. the market output could be produced at a higher cost by several large firms rather than many small firms c. there are no barriers to entry d. the total market output could be produced at a lower cost by several large firms rather than many small firms e. one large firm can produce the total market output at a lower cost than several smaller firms could

The crowding-in effect depends on the sensitivity of investment to

a. GDP, as does the crowding-out effect. b. interest rates, whereas the crowding-out effect depends on the sensitivity of investment to GDP. c. interest rates, as does the crowding-out effect. d. GDP, whereas the crowding-out effect depends on the sensitivity of investment to interest rates.