Which presidential power gives the president the ability to shape policy but gives them only limited control over the executive branch of government?

What does the author mean when he writes that authority is "an efficient form of power"?

a. Authority is distributed equally among political elites. b. The cost of influence is high if people respect the authority's legitimacy. c. Authority reduces inefficiencies in government spending. d. If people do not respect an authority's legitimacy, its power becomes stronger. e. Authority, if accepted, does not require force to influence change.

After the Civil War, southern states rejected the black codes

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.