If you walk under a ladder and then break a leg,
you may avoid ladders in the future. Each time you avoid a ladder and nothing happens, this avoidance action is reinforced. This illustrates
a. the method of successive approximations.
b. superstitious behavior.
c. shaping.
d. response chaining.
ANSWER: b
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Which of the following situations is analogous to what is called the "consistency paradox" in the study of personality?
a. A businessman is kind and affectionate with his family, but is authoritarian and demanding with his employees. b. A woman rates herself as calm and stable, and she rarely loses her temper. c. A man's family and friends rate him as organized and responsible, but he occasionally acts carelessly and irresponsibly. d. A teacher rates herself as introverted most recently, but last year she rated herself as extraverted.
According to psychologist William Damon, a child's view of friendship passes through all of the stages below EXCEPT
a) basing friendship on intelligence. b) basing friendship on others' behavior. c) basing friendship on trust. d) basing friendship on psychological closeness.