Which of the following statements indicates that the speaker understands chest trauma?

a. "Open chest injuries are more serious than closed chest injuries because air and bacteria can enter the chest through the open wound."
b. "In general, an open chest injury caused by blunt trauma is more life threatening than a closed one due to increased blood loss."
c. "Internal chest injuries are more difficult to assess and manage than are the more obvious external chest injuries."
d. "Closed chest injuries are caused by penetrating trauma and cause more life-threatening injuries than do open chest injuries."

Answer: c