Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. Statistics is the only way for dealing with rival hypotheses.
2. If X causes Y (or in notation, X ? Y), then X is called the dependent variable because it affects Y.
3. Threats to external validity are defined as those that jeopardize the generalizability of study conclusions about program outcomes to other situations.
4. Threats to internal validity are those that jeopardize the study conclusions about whether an intervention in fact caused a difference in the study population.
1.false
2.false
3.true
4.true
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What characterizes county governments in Texas?
a. Their organizational structure is centralized, and they have a high degree of power and autonomy. b. Their organizational structure is highly fragmented,and most of their powers are delegated by the state. c. Their organizational structure is somewhat fragmented, and their power mostly resides with the mayor and the council. d. Their organization structure is very hierarchical, and few of their powers are explicitly delegated by the state.
The term smog was coined in the 1970s by the Environmental Protection Agency
Indicate whether the statement is true or false