Of the following, which is a valid criticism of efficacy studies of psychotherapy treatments?
a) They show artificially inflated results for mental illnesses of higher severity.
b) They focus on disorder-specific treatments and processes rather than looking at common themes across different disorders.
c) They are only useful in a correlational design; that is, they cannot show cause-and-effect relationships.
d) They take many years to conduct and require very large numbers of participants.
ANS: B, Efficacy studies are criticized because they do not look at common themes for treatment of different types of disorders.
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When psychologists study a sample to see if it represents a population (called Population 1 ) that is different from a known population (called Population 2 ), the comparison distribution is
A) the same as the distribution of Population 1. B) the same as the distribution of Population 2. C) a rectangular distribution with the same mean and standard deviation as Population 1. D) a rectangular distribution with the same mean and standard deviation as Population 2.
Social support theory:
a. has shown that social support may be more effective for men than for women b. explains why stress is harmful to social relationship c. proposes that social relationships help buffer the effects of stress d. has shown that social support may be more effective for women than for men