Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is Amhad doing?

According to psychologist Carol Beal, the motivation of middle-school-age girls to solve conflict among friends is due to

a) lack of self-confidence. b) lack of social competence. c) apprehension over the use of more direct approaches. d) the desire to make social interaction nonconfrontational.

Erikson believes strongly that the ego:

a. is concerned primarily with the control of sexual urges b. functions defensively nearly all the time c. is weak and operates in the service of the id d. operates oftentimes independently of id motivations