"Rules of thumb" that are usually quick but which do not guarantee a problem solution will be found, are called:

The idea that intelligence declines throughout adulthood was

supported by early cross-sectional studies. supported by early longitudinal studies. proposed by Schaie and Baltes. never seriously considered by psychologists.

Why does forewarning seem to reduce the effect of a counter-attitudinal persuasive message?

a. Because it increases the use of heuristics b. Because it automatically decreases the likability of the source c. Because it automatically decreases the credibility of the source d. Because it allows people to prepare to resist the message