Which element of total planned expenditure is NOT included in "autonomous planned spending"?

What does it mean when an economist says that a firm is buying labor in a competitive market?

What will be an ideal response?

Which of the following mechanisms would not be used by a country to defend a fixed exchange rate?

A. The government can alter domestic interest rates to influence short-term international capital flows. B. The government can impose a form of exchange control. C. The government can threaten to shift to a floating exchange rate. D. The government can buy or sell foreign currency to influence the actual exchange rate.