Even if people often say things off the top of their heads to survey interviewers, the responses of thousands or millions of people tend to average out this randomness and reveal a stable __________

Why is compellence harder to achieve than deterrence, according to Art?

a. A deterrent threat is easier for the target state to understand than compellence. b. Compellence tends to be more vague in its objectives than deterrent threats. c. Compellence involves the threat of overwhelming force and most states do not possess this. d. Compellence demands more humiliation from the target state than does deterrence.

The evolution of the American presidency

a. was expected by the Framers as the responsibilities facing the government increased. b. has occurred through delegation on domestic policies, but the expansion of responsibility on foreign affairs reflects the limited and general language on foreign affairs in the Constitution. c. reflects the strong command authority the Framers thought was needed to solve collective action problems. d. would meet the hopes of the Framers because their ideal president was someone who could solve collective action problems by minimizing transaction costs.