In the 2010 case of Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, the Supreme Court ruled that independent, uncoordinated political speech by corporations during political campaigns is protected by the ______ Amendment.

During the Constitutional Convention and the ensuing ratification debates the Anti-Federalists argued that the new Constitution suffered from what fundamental flaw?

a. The new Constitution created a national government that was too weak and would undermine the survival of the United States. b. The new Constitution created a national government so strong that it would infringe on the essential liberties of the people. c. The new Constitution gave too much power and authority to the states. d. The new Constitution would be unenforceable due to judicial weakness.

The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA)

A) deregulated campaign contributions. B) required PACs to give money to candidates from both parties. C) banned soft money at the national level in campaigns. D) All of the above E) None of the above