While at a conference dealing with issues related to aging, Eve is interested in learning about how sleep patterns change in late life. She will be best served by attending a presentation entitled "____ and the Elderly."

According to the discussion of the confirmation bias in deductive reasoning,

a. the confirmation bias slightly increases the accuracy of answers for novices. b. the confirmation bias typically occurs when people rely too strongly on the crystal-ball technique. c. the confirmation bias means that people prefer to demonstrate that a hypothesis is true, rather than to demonstrate that it is false. d. typically only about 10% of college students tend to show the confirmation bias.

Which theoretical assumption is not widely held by lifespan professionals?

A) Development follows predictable, age-related patterns. B) Developmental outcomes are often based on developmental history. C) Development is caused by the environment and people cannot shape their own development. D) Patterns of development and developmental outcomes can be reliably assessed.