Learning to modify your golf swing is an example of ________ learning

The text concludes that

(a) the death penalty has reduced the murder rate (b) the increasing crime rate has led to an increase in the severity of penalties (c) for an extended period, both the crime rate and the percentage of people in prison increased, but we do not understand what the causal relationships are (d) increasing the severity of punishment reliably produces corresponding decreases in the crime rate, but there are ethical reasons preventing us from increasing the severity of punishment still further

A double-blind experiment would be used for all of the following EXCEPT to

a. minimize researcher bias. b. minimize changes in subjects' behavior caused by the unintended influence of an experimenter's actions. c. control for research participant bias. d. eliminate the need for randomly assigning participants to experimental and control groups.