A criminal justice professor compared crime rates in cities where police departments adopted performance measurement systems to those that did not, both before and after the systems were implemented. This type of research is called

In the process of _______, which involves making official decisions and putting them into effect, most democracies see the majority's views prevail due to effective ________.

a. presidential leadership; judicial review. b. administration; elections c. policy making; oversight d. governance; representation

Which of the following was key to Lenin's views on political parties?

A) Political parties had to be open. B) Political parties had to be large. C) Political parties had to be well-funded. D) Political parties had to be organized.