Though Elsa does not score particularly high on traditional intelligence tests, she is very good at understanding income tax forms, can deal well with all different kinds of people, and is a good troubleshooter around the home and office. Elsa exhibits

a. concrete thinking

A professor is interested in the overall pattern of the scores from an exam he recently gave. Which of the following would be most useful to him?

a. the mean exam score b. the frequency distribution of the exam scores c. the range of the exam scores d. the variance of the exam scores

Distraction can sometimes enhance the effectiveness of a message because it does which of the following?

a. It encourages central route processing. b. It helps the receiver focus on the message. c. It prevents the receiver from developing counterarguments. d. It increases outcome-relevant involvement.