The process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows is called ______________
A) higher-order conditioning
B) latent learning
C) classical conditioning
D) reinforcement
Answer: D
Rationale: Reinforcement is a process in which an event or reward that follows a response increases the likelihood of that response occurring again.
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Which of the following are reasons why neuroscience data does not conclusively show that brain abnormalities cause psychological disorders?
a) When differences exist, they are sometimes found in very different disorders, and most studies that compare people with and without a disorder do find similar differences in brain structure or function. b) Few data indicate that such structural or functional abnormalities existed before the disorder occurred, and these differences are sometimes found in very different disorders and are not always consistent. c) Few data indicate that such structural or functional abnormalities existed before the disorder occurred, and most studies that compare people with and without a disorder do find similar differences in brain structure or function. d) When differences are detected, they are usually found in a second trial. This suggests that such a difference might cause a specific disorder.
Which of the following is a healthy older adult most likely to do as well—or even better than—a younger adult?
A) pattern recognition B) a geometric puzzle C) a vocabulary test D) a timed problem solving task