Do evolutionary factors play a large role in aggression? What was Freud's theory about violence? What does more recent research say about a likely evolutionary role for violence? But what does Hawley's research say about this?
What will be an ideal response?
Evolutionary factors appear now to play a modest role in aggression. Freud said aggression stems from thanatos, a death wish possessed by all persons, which ends up being turned on other people. More recent research suggests that males seeking desirable mates needed to compete with each other, eliciting aggression toward one another, whereas females would have no such need to physically compete. More recently, Hawley has written about verbal aggression in girls, which, if combined with prosocial behavior, can provide them with high status and respect.
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What is negative reinforcement?
What will be an ideal response?
Which statement most accurately represents expectations for males and females across cultures?
a. Cultural differences in gender expectations are minimal; most differences center on socioeconomic status. b. All cultures have traditional male and female roles; gender expectations do not change over time. c. In some cultures role expectations for males and females are the same; males and females share equal opportunities. d. All cultures have different expectations for males and females, but the degree of the differences varies greatly across cultures.