Evidence directly linking early stress to the development of clinical depression is

Although Gisele's boyfriend is physically abusive of her, she worries that he will leave her. This fear leads her to be very submissive to him. She may be suffering from:

A. Borderline personality disorder B. Histrionic personality disorder C. Narcissistic personality disorder D. Dependent personality disorder

Dr. Keller has individuals run on a treadmill for 0, 15, or 30 minutes and then measures their self-reported mood. In this hypothetical study, the independent variable is:

a. the self-reported mood b. the individuals who run for 15 or 30 minutes c. the individuals who run for 0 minutes d. the number of minutes each individual runs