What type of effect occurs when insulin binds to its receptors on muscle cells, resulting in an increase in glucose uptake by those muscle cells?

a. Pharmacologic
b. Permissive
c. Biphasic
d. Direct

ANS: D
Direct effects are the obvious changes in cell function that result specifically from stimulation by a particular hormone as is true with insulin. Pharmacologic effects are the result of high doses of a drug. Permissive effects are less obvious hormone-induced changes that facilitate the maximal response or functioning of a cell. Biphasic effects are twofold effects.