Chase and Simon (1973) performed a classic investigation of memory for pieces on a chessboard, comparing experts and novices on their ability to quickly apprehend and later remember chess piece configurations as set up on a chessboard

They compared situations in which the pieces were in a random configuration to situations in which the pieces were in a game configuration. What did they find?
a) Experts remembered the pieces and their arrangement better regardless of their configuration.
b) Experts remembered the pieces and arrangements better, but only in the game configuration condition.
c) Experts remembered the pieces and arrangements better, but only in the random configuration condition.
d) Novices actually remembered the pieces better in the game configuration condition.

Answer: b