Twelve-year-old Heather has a smaller head circumference and less gray matter thickness than typical children of her same age, sex, and size. It is most likely that

a. Heather's mother used alcohol and other drugs during her pregnancy

Punishment is particularly useful in situations in which a behavior is ______ and must be changed ______

a. harmless; gradually c. harmless; quickly b. dangerous; gradually d. dangerous; quickly

Mr. and Mrs. Behru live in a low-income, high-risk neighborhood. They have little involvement with their child's school because they

A) have no need for school support. B) feel resentful toward the school for its demands on their time. C) are disinterested in education. D) face daily stresses that reduce their energy for school involvement.