__________ is when each plaintext element or group of elements is uniquely replaced by a corresponding ciphertext element or group of elements.

You create a table but then subsequently realize you needed a few new columns. To add those columns later, you would issue which of the following statements?

A. create or replace table B. truncate table C. alter table D. create table

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a metaphor-based organizational scheme? Use Figure 3 from this chapter as an example.

What will be an ideal response?