Each listener interprets the speaker's message differently

"The university's golf course is terrible. The rough is so uneven that you could break your wrist trying to get your ball out of a thick patch, while five feet away you could destroy a club on a rocky patch."

This argument commits the fallacy of using (a) ambiguous language. (b) equivocal language. (c) emotionally loaded language. (d) technical jargon.

All of the following are typical leadership theories EXCEPT:

a. trait b. behavioral c. situational d. translational leadership