Children of women who smoked during pregnancy tend to score low in reading, spelling,and math

Josh is a difficult baby who cries and is hard to console, which makes his parents unhappy and elicits negative parenting

This, in turn, causes Josh to cry more frequently. This illustrates a. reciprocal influences. b. genetic predispositions. c. a parental behavior that would occur even if Josh had an easy temperament. d. all of these.

Baby Janice is just over eight months of age. It is likely that she is just beginning to __________

a) walk while supporting herself on furniture b) walk by herself c) sit without support d) crawl