People who participate in an experiment, whose reactions or responses are observed as part of the experiment, usually to test the validity of a hypothesis, are called ______

Vicarious conditioning

What will be an ideal response?

Brad is home when all of his lights suddenly go out. His thought that "this is what happens when a fuse is blown" would be said to be

a. demonstrating functional fixedness. b. identifying the problem. c. using an algorithm. d. working backward. e. evaluating a solution.