In the twenty-first century, differences among Americans in interpreting their collectively held values underlie the division between the _____ parties.

A kinship bond is defined by the fact that it includes connections to others ________

A. formed by being members of the same civic culture B. that transcend the political cleavages of society C. who share a sense of class consciousness D. belonging to the class of the bourgeoisie E. formed by blood, marriage, or other family relations

The creation of the first mass-based party, rather than party-in-government, was in part the responsibility of ______.

A. Andrew Jackson B. John Adams C. George Washington D. Abraham Lincoln