Decay theory can explain forgetting from sensory memory and short-term memory but does not adequately explain forgetting from long-term memory

In the formula for the chi-square calculation, what is in the denominator?

a. Observed value b. Expected value c. Cohen's d d. Observed value- expected value

Approximately what percentage of American children are born out of wedlock?

a. 10 b. 25 c. 40 d. 60