Name and briefly explain Kohlberg's three levels of moral reasoning making sure to identify and describe each of the stages under each level
What will be an ideal response?
A good answer will include the following key points:
- Preconventional level – Moral reasoning is controlled almost solely by obedience to authority and by rewards and punishment.
+ Stage 1 — Obedience orientation — a person in this stage does what people in authority say to avoid being punished.
+ Stage 2 — Instrumental orientation — a person in this stage looks out for his or her own needs and acts morally in order to receive rewards.
- Conventional level — Moral decision-making is based on social norms — what is expected by others.
+ Stage 3 — Interpersonal norms — a person in this stage acts according to others' expectations to win the approval of others.
+ Stage 4 — Social systems morality — a person in this stage believes that laws exist to maintain order within society and to promote the good of all people.
- Postconventional level — Moral decisions are based on personal, moral principles.
+ Stage 5 — Social contract orientation — a person in this stage believes in a social contract — a common set of laws and expectations that benefit all people and that can be changed when they no longer promote the welfare of individuals.
+ Stage 6 — Universal ethical principles — a person in this stage believes in abstract principles like justice, compassion and equality and acts in accordance with those principles even when they conflict with society's expectations.
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In regards to gender, volunteers are more likely to be ________ than ________
Fill in the blank with the appropriate word.
As a rejected child, Tyler is
a. more likely to drop out of school. b. likely to do well academically. c. no more likely than popular children to suffer from psychopathology. d. more likely to conform to adult standards of behavior.