Which of the following statements describes the amount of cognitive and emotional risk to participants allowed in psychological research today?
a. Any amount of risk is acceptable.
b. No amount of risk is acceptable.
c. A little risk is always acceptable, but more than minimal risk is never acceptable.
d. The amount of acceptable risk depends in part on the likely benefits from the study.
Answer: D
Rationale: In these cases, the IRB serves as a third party that weighs the risks and benefits of research without being personally invested in the outcome.
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