Does research into new technologies create a positive externality or does it create a negative externality?

Which of the following is most likely to be a fixed cost for any firm?

a. the monthly electric bill b. sales taxes c. shipping and postage costs d. rent on office space e. charitable donations

Productivity is defined as: a. the ratio of a specific measure of output to a specific measure of input

b. the production of worthwhile goods and services. c. the market value of goods, services, and resources produced per time period (e.g., per year). d. average input divided by average output. e. total input divided by average output.