You are instructed to subtract 4 points from each score, square the resulting value, and find the sum of the squared numbers. How would this set of instructions be expressed in summation notation?

A baby reacts with a facial expression of disgust when someone puts sour food in its mouth. This facial reaction is universally recognizable. This innate reaction best supports ______ ideas of emotion

a. Spiesman's c. Izard's b. Cannon's d. Skinner's

Reflexes above the neck, such as sneezing and blinking, are controlled by the _______________

a. spinal cord b. sympathetic nervous system c. brain d. parasympathetic nervous system