The Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission imposed significant limitations on independent spending.

Which is an example of a study in which a nonequivalent control-group design could be used?

A) We want to evaluate the effectiveness of an anti-smoking campaign using two different schools. We suspect that one school has a higher rate of smoking than the other. B) A new treatment approach for hyperactivity is to be tested in a special school using three different classes. The classes, however, are at different levels of hyperactivity. C) A company wants to test their employees' attitudes toward work as they may be affected by new work rules. One department is selected as an experimental group, and the other is designated as the control group. However, there is evidence that the first department has more positive work attitudes than the second. D) All of the above

Which of the following statements is true of the preferred-position doctrine?

A) It states that freedom of speech can be restricted only when it is directed against lawful authority. B) It holds that speech can be restricted if it is likely to interfere with government interests. C) It is aimed at checking the involvement of the government in religious matters. D) It holds that people cannot denounce the religious beliefs of others based on their own preferred religious positions. E) It states that certain freedoms are so essential to a democracy that they hold a preferred position.