__________ studies are typically used when we describe age differences in personality

Which of the following students' statements best summarizes the research on the belief-bias effect?

a. Petra: "The belief-bias effect shows us how top-down processing influences logical reasoning; we should emphasize the actual information in the reasoning problem." b. Chris: "The belief-bias effect illustrates how people systematically keep trying to confirm a hypothesis, rather than trying to disconfirm it." c. Josh: "According to the belief-bias effect, people systematically prefer a conclusion that is stated in the positive form, rather than a conclusion that uses the word not." d. Cynthia: "The belief-bias effect shows us that people draw conclusions in logical reasoning on the basis of how frequently their prior beliefs come to mind."

Which of the following is true of bipolar disorder?

a. It affects 1% of the general population. b. It typically involves cycling between extreme mood states. c. It usually does not respond well to medication. d. It is successfully treated by the same medications used to treat major depression. e. It is the same as major depression.