How can the transpulmonary pressure gradient be increased? 1. Increasing alveolar pressure 2. Decreasing pleural pressure 3. Decreasing transthoracic pressure
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 2 and 3 only
c. 1 and 3 only
d. 3 only
ANS: A
PL gradient can be increased by either decreasing the surrounding Ppl (Figure 42-1, A) or increas-ing the Palv.
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