Explanatory style theory suggests that individuals who attribute failure to external, unstable, and specific causes are most vulnerable to depression

Which of the following factors needs to be taken into consideration after a study's results are statistically significant?

a. The time it took to achieve the observed effect. b. The measure of interpolation within each group. c. The number of variables investigated. d. The number of subjects or observations.

Bob tends to wait until the "last minute" to buy Christmas gifts. Unfortunately, this year, by the time he tried to purchase a gift for his wife, the store had closed

He convinced himself that everything in the store was overpriced anyway, so he decided to make a gift for his wife himself. Arguably, Bob is using a type of ________ in order to convince himself that he "never had a chance" to purchase the gift.