MRI scans reveal correlations of about ________ between people's brain size (adjusted for body size) and their intelligence scores.

Most people, if asked to judge which family is more likely--family A with three children consisting of an firstborn daughter, a son in the middle and a lastborn daughter or family B with three daughters--most people will judge that family A is more likely to occur. However, the odds for either family A or B is the exactly same, 12.5%. However, the prototype of "family with three children" held by most people consists a family with both sons and daughters in any order (which make up 75% of families with three children). Thus the unconscious prototype that people have of a family of three children leads them to overestimate the probability that a family will have exactly a daughter, son, and daughter. This reasoning error illustrates:

a. the gambler's fallacy. b. the availability heuristic. c. the representativeness heuristic. d. confirmation bias.

In one study, students were given two problems to solve. The first problem involved radiation and a tumor, the second involved a general and a fortress. Students rarely saw that the solution to the second problem could be used to solve the first problem because the two problems seemed too different. Being distracted by the superficial features of a problem is the obstacle to problem solving known as ________________.

a. salience of surface similarities b. mental sets c. functional fixedness d. searching for analogies