You and your roommate have just received grade reports. Since you and your roommate were in the same class, you are curious about how well he did. Both of you received a "D." You received a "D" because the professor was bad; you believe your roommate got a "D" because he is not too bright. You have just experienced the:

What is one of the effects of exercise listed in the textbook?

weakens the heart makes osteoporosis more likely reduces blood pressure makes some cancers more likely

Skinner would explain why one student responds positively to receiving a B on a test while another student responds negatively to a B by noting that

a. one student has a stronger superego than the other. b. one student has more self-efficacy than the other. c. the students have different personality traits. d. the students have different histories of reinforcement and punishment.