From the text, which of the following is an explanation of why emerging adults in Europe have a low rate of political participation?

a. They are not granted the right to vote until age 30.
b. Younger individuals are not exposed to and taught the political system.
c. They possess low levels of trust in political authorities and the political system.
d. Democracy and freedom are new to many European countries.

C. Hooghe and Wilkenfeld (2008) found that in young people in eight European countries, low levels of trust in political authorities and political systems were consistent from adolescence through emerging adulthood.