If a bank borrows from a Federal Reserve Bank, the interest rate is called

Other things equal, patents:

A. decrease the expected rate of return on an R&D expenditure. B. increase the expected rate of return on an R&D expenditure. C. increase the interest-rate cost of funds used to finance an R&D expenditure. D. decrease the interest-rate cost of funds used to finance an R&D expenditure.

The average propensity to consume (APC) is calculated as:

(a) Consumption spending divided by aggregate demand; (b) National income divided by the level of consumption spending; (c) Consumption spending divided by the level of national income; (d) Consumption spending divided by the level of savings.