A reinforcer is a consequence that ________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that ________ a behavior

In research on helping arrangements between inner-city,

African American mothers and their own mothers, what did the researchers call the arrangement when mothers and grandmothers essentially engaged in coparenting? A) Parental supplement B) Supportive primary parenting C) Parental apprentice D) Parental replacement

Morality based on abstract moral principles such as justice, liberty, and equality, without regard for existing social rules, is characteristic of the ______ level of moral thinking

a. precognitive c. conventional b. preconventional d. postconventional