As predicted by Piaget, research confirms that the attainment of formal operational thinking is universal.

Schneider's and Bjorklund's study of children soccer experts versus soccer novices demonstrated that compared to novices, expert children are more likely to

A) rely on gist rather than verbatim memories. B) have better organized lists during recall. C) rehearse the test items during encoding. D) engage in reconstructive processing during storage.

Research on emotions and the self-concept of individuals during late adulthood has speculated that positive emotions and self-esteem tend to be high because older adults _____

a. tend to be more accepting of their past and present selves b. have a mature parietal lobe of the brain c. have greater financial stability d. have successfully completed an identity crisis