Nonparticipants are formal members of groups who participate in linked communication behaviors but who are not usually in liaison or bridge roles

According to the text, adult learners in the workplace

A) will automatically give you the benefit of the doubt and assume that you are going to teach them valuable information. B) prefer an academic environment to a relaxed, "comfortable" environment. C) are mature enough to learn quickly, so they don't need many examples, activities, or interaction opportunities. D) would rather focus on straightforward content than on problem-solving applications. E) are likely to be self-motivated to learn and apply the material if they perceive that it is relevant to their goals.

Role-taking can be thought of as:

a. guess-work to estimate how an audience will respond to a message. b. anticipating a reaction rather than waiting for a person's actual feedback. c. a way to understand difficulties or objections to your message. d. all of the above are forms of role-taking