Phonological disorder, stuttering, and expressive language disorder are all types of

Byron was reading an article in the New York Times that discussed the effectiveness of a new medication for those suffering from scleroderma. The article interviewed the medicine's inventor,

who gave a plethora of information as to why this medication is safe, effective, and economical. Because Byron is a critical thinker, he is cautious in his acceptance of the article's claims. Why? a. Byron understands that anything printed in a newspaper should be viewed with caution because it is not a scholarly journal. b. Byron knows that medical science cannot possibly produce a medication that can be both effective and safe while also being economical. c. The article does not actually report on the methods used in the research, so the methods must have something wrong with them. d. Byron knows that the medicine's inventor may have an agenda that influences his interpretation of the research into the safety and effectiveness of the new medicine.

Which of the following concepts best helps to explain how labeling influences people's helping behavior?

A) James' stream of consciousness B) Cooley's "looking glass self" C) increased self-focus D) actual-ideal self discrepancy