The relationship between interest groups and the French government

a. is close. The French executive never acts on its own without consulting interest groups.
b. is contentious. Interest groups are never consulted and thus can only protest to influence policy.
c. used to be close but has become more distant.
d. is distant. The French executive often acts on its own without consulting interest groups.
e. is only close when speaking of the relationship between members of parliament and interest groups. This is due to the influence of political action committees (PACs) in French elections.

d