In terms of the impact of communication expenditures on sales, using coupons, free samples, and other marketing tactics can help a good or service reach the threshold point of the sales curve sooner

________ ventures consist of one company joining forces with foreign investors to create a local business in which they share ownership and control

A) Joint ownership B) Licensing C) Contract manufacturing D) Management contracting E) Indirect exporting

Empirical studies have found that, across firms, Tobin's Q ratio initially increases with managerial ownership fraction, but beyond a critical level, the ratio decreases with further increases in managerial ownership

One argument for why this ratio decreases at higher managerial ownership levels is that: a. board directors no longer believe that they need to monitor management's incentives. b. fewer passive shareholders own the firm's stock. c. outside blockholders tend to be attracted to firms with high managerial ownership, and outside blockholder ownership generally destroys firm value. d. management can use their shares to leverage their entrenched position.