Dr. McCaffery tells his class, "I am going to shine a stimulus up on the screen, and I'm only going to give you three seconds to memorize them. Go!" He shines a slide that has the following letters - "HBOUSAIBMLOL" - on the screen

In what type of research design are the same participants repeatedly observed or tested?

a) cohort b) longitudinal c) correlational d) cross-sectional

The Internal Revenue Service threatens Sue with a penalty if she fails to pay her back taxes. She pays, and the threat is withdrawn. In the future, she is more prompt in meeting her obligation

This is an example of the use of _______ to control behavior. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment