Although it is normal to experience certain fears, when the fear of something specific becomes persistent, irrational, and gets in the way of everyday life, that fear may be considered a _____

A couple has a 3:00 o'clock appointment to see a marital therapist. One partner arrives twenty minutes early, and the other arrives twenty minutes late. During the therapy session, the therapist asks both partners to consider several possibilities to explain the arrival time of the other partner. According to Kelly, this therapist is facilitating a discussion that

a) illustrates psychoanalysis. b) illustrates constructive alternativism. c) focuses on the cognitive triad. d) illustrates behavioral therapy.

Mrs. Martin, a third grade teacher, is teaching cursive writing. At first, she reinforces even crude attempts to reproduce letters with an encouraging word; as time goes on, though, she reinforces only well-formed letters. By reinforcing progressively better attempts at writing letters, Mrs. Martin is using:

a) shaping b) classical conditioning c) continuous reinforcement d) modeling